the slave

Cf. BRAUNERT 1971, 118-122

δουλεύω fut. δουλεύσω; 1 aor. ἐδούλευσα; pf. δεδούλευκα J 8:33, ptc. δεδουλευκώς 2 Cl 17:7 (Aeschyl., Hdt.+; the basic diff. between master and slave is stated Aeschyl., Pr. 927).

① to be owned by another, be a slave, be subjected

ⓐ lit., of Hagar and Jerusalem Gal 4:25. τινί to someone (Jos., Ant. 4, 115.—C. Ap. 2, 128 the Egyptians claim τὸ μηδενὶ δουλεῦσαι. Likew. in Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 67 §286 the Rhodians are proud ἕνεκα τύχης ἐς τὸ νῦν ἀδουλώτου; Diod S 5, 15, 3 the Iolaës of Sardinia have maintained their freedom ἅπαντα τὸν αἰῶνα … μέχρι τοῦ νῦν; in 5, 15, 4 even the Carthaginians οὐκ ἠδυνήθησαν [αὐτοὺς] … καταδουλώσασθαι) J 8:33; Ac 7:7 (Gen 15:14); Ro 9:12; B 13:2 (both Gen 25:23; cp. Jos., Ant. 1, 275); 13:5 (Gen 48:19 altered after 25:23); 1 Cl 31:4 (Jacob by Laban [Gen 29:15, 20]; cp. Just., D. 134, 3).

ⓑ in imagery: of a change in masters Ro 7:6.

② to act or conduct oneself as one in total service to another, perform the duties of a slave, serve, obey.

ⓐ be in service to personal beings

α. to humans, w. dat. of pers. (PHal 1, 219 [III B.C.] ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεὺς τῷ Ἀλεξανδρεῖ μὴ δουλευέτω) Mt 6:24; Lk 16:13; 2 Cl 6:1 (on being a slave to more than one master s. Billerb. on Mt 6:24; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 203 II, 13f; 206, 16ff). τοσαῦτα ἔτη δ. σοι I have slaved for you so many years Lk 15:29, a statement about toil rather than actual status (cp. Gen 31:41). Abs. ἐν καθαρᾷ καρδίᾳ 2 Cl 11:1; μᾶλλον δ. let them be all the better slaves 1 Ti 6:2; πλέον δ. IPol 4:3. On Eph 6:7, see β. Fig., of loving service ἀλλήλοις Gal 5:13. δίκαιον εὖ δουλεύοντα πόλλοις 1 Cl 16:12 (Is 53:11).

β. to transcendent beings, esp. in expressions relating to God or Jesus Christ as recipients of undivided allegiance, for, as indicated in α, a slave can take orders from only one master δ. τῷ θεῷ serve God, where God is thought of as κύριος, and a human as δοῦλος (Eur., Or. 418; Ex 23:33; Philo, Cher. 107, Somn. 2, 100; Jos., Ant. 7, 367; 8, 257; SibOr 3, 740; Orig., C. Cels. 8, 8, 17; cp. τοῖ κτισθεῖσιν ἀντὶ θεοῦ 3, 15, 17): Mt 6:24; Lk 16:13 (on both cp. Sextus 574 οὐκ ἔστιν ἅμα δουλεύειν ἡδονῇ κ. θεῷ); 1 Th 1:9; 2 Cl 11:1; 17:7; Pol 2:1 (Ps 2:11); 6:3; MPol 9:3; Hm 8:6; 12, 6, 2; Hs 4:2; Dg 2:5 τῷ δημιουργῷ; 1 Cl 26:1. τῷ Χριστῷ Ro 14:18; cp. 16:18; Col 3:24; abs. μετʼ εὐνοίας δ. render service (to your masters) w. good will Eph 6:7 (through wordplay Jesus Christ, as κύριος, is here viewed as the ultimate recipient of the slave’s service); τῷ κυρίῳ (Judg 2:7; 1 Km 7:4; 12:20) Ac 20:19; Ro 12:11 (v.l. τῷ καιρῷ.—δ. τῷ καιρῷ means ‘accommodate oneself to the occasion’ [Plut., Arat. 1047 [43, 2]; Pallad.: Anth. Pal. 9, 441; Procop. Soph., Ep. 113 H. δουλεύειν τῇ χρείᾳ καὶ πείθεσθαι τῷ καιρῷ. The contrast is with πράττειν ὅσα τις βούλεται, or Herodas 2, 9f: ζῶμεν οὐχ ὡς βουλόμεσθʼ, ἀλλʼ ὡς ἡμέας ὁ καιρὸς ἕλκει], and can have the unfavorable connotation ‘be an opportunist’; for this reason it is expressly rejected for this pass. by Athanas., Origen-Rufinus, and Jerome, but they may be interested in sanitizing the text. S. Ltzm. ad loc.); Hv 4, 2, 5; Hs 1:7; 4:5ff; 6, 3, 6; 8, 6, 2; the Holy Spirit 5, 6, 5; 7; elements or elemental spirits Gal 4:9, cp. vs. 8 (in a relig. sense also PGM 13, 72 κύριε, δουλεύω ὑπὸ τὸν σὸν κόσμον τῷ σῷ ἀγγέλῳ; lesser divinities [δαίμονες] Just., D. 83, 4; Tat. 17, 3).

ⓑ to things, by fig. ext. of mng. in a: Be a slave to sin Ro 6:6; the law (Orig., C. Cels. 5, 6, 28) 7:25; desire Hm 12, 2, 5; Tit 3:3 (X., Mem. 1, 5, 5, Apol. 16; Pla., Phdr. 238e ἡδονῇ; Polyb. 18, 15, 16; Herodian 1, 17, 9; Philo, Cher. 71; Jos., Ant. 15, 91 δ. ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις; Iren., 1, 6, 3 [Harv. I 56, 2]); the virtues Hv 3, 8, 8; m 12, 3, 1; faith m 9:12; τῇ κοιλίᾳ the belly, i.e. appetite (γαστρί X., Mem. 1, 6, 8; Anth. 11, 410, 4; cp. Ath. 31, 2) Ro 16:18. εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον serve in the gospel Phil 2:22. For Ro 12:11 v.l. καιρῷ s. 2aβ.—M-M. TW.

παιδίσκη, ης, ἡ dim. of παῖς ‘girl’, in our lit. always of the slave class, female slave (so Hdt.+; pap [also Dssm. LO 167, 6=LAE 200, 18; others New Docs 2, 87f], LXX, TestAbr A; TestJob 21:2; Test12Patr, JosAs; Philo, Congr. Erud. Gr. 1=Gen 16:1 [PKatz, Philo’s Bible ’50, 36]; Jos., Ant. 18, 40; Ar. [Milne 74, 8]; Just., A I, 9, 4) Mt 26:69; Mk 14:66, 69; Lk 22:56; Ac 12:13; 16:16, 19 D; GJs 2:2f. ἡ π. ἡ θυρωρός the slave who kept the door J 18:17. W. παῖς (Lev 25:44; Dt 12:12, 18; TestAbr A 15 p. 95, 22 [Stone p. 38]; Pel-Leg. 12, 24f) Lk 12:45. W. δοῦλος (2 Esdr 2:65; Eccl 2:7; Ar.; w. δούλη JosAs 6:8) B 19:7; D 4:10; of God’s female slaves (w. δοῦλοι ‘male slaves’) 1 Cl 60:2. In specific contrast to ἐλευθέρα of Hagar Gal 4:22f (Gen 16:1ff; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 244); w. a turn in the direction of a more profound sense vss. 30ab (=Gen 21:10ab), 31.—JWackernagel, Glotta 2, 1909, 1–8; 218f; 315.—Lob., Phryn. 239f. Schmidt, Syn. II 429f. DELG s.v. παῖς. M-M.

ἀγοραστά̱, ἀγοραστής

the slave who had to buy: masc nom /voc /acc dual

ἀγοραστής

the slave who had to buy: masc voc sg

ἀγοραστής

the slave who had to buy: masc nom sg (epic)

ἀγοραστός

bought: neut nom /voc /acc pl

ἀγοραστά̱, ἀγοραστός

bought: fem nom /voc /acc dual

ἀγοραστά̱, ἀγοραστός

bought: fem nom /voc sg (doric aeolic)

ἀγοραστά̱, ἀγοραστής

the slave who had to buy: masc nom /voc /acc dual

ἀγοραστής

the slave who had to buy: masc voc sg

ἀγοραστής

the slave who had to buy: masc nom sg (epic)

ἀγοραστός

bought: neut nom /voc /acc pl

ἀγοραστά̱, ἀγοραστός

bought: fem nom /voc /acc dual

ἀγοραστά̱, ἀγοραστός

bought: fem nom /voc sg (doric aeolic)

χράομαι (χρή) mid. dep. pres. 2 sg. χρᾶσαι (B-D-F §87), ind. and subj. 3 sg. χρῆται IRo 9:1; 1 Ti 1:8 (B-D-F §88); impf. ἐχρώμην; fut. χρήσομαι LXX; 1 aor. ἐχρησάμην; pf. κέχρημαι (Mlt-H. 200) (Hom.+) ‘use’, a common multivalent term.

① make use of, employ

ⓐ w. dat. τινί someth. (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 102 §427f θαλάσσῃ; Wsd 2:6; 13:18; 4 Macc 9:2; GrBar 6:12; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 5 Jac.; Philo, Aet. M. 70; 71; Jos., Bell. 3, 341; Just., A I, 14, 2, D. 57, 2; Tat. 12, 5.—B-D-F §193, 5; Rob. 532f) βοηθείαις ἐχρῶντο Ac 27:17 (s. βοήθεια 2).—1 Cor 7:31 v.l.; 9:12, 15; 1 Ti 5:23 (οἶνος 1); 2 Cl 6:5; Dg 6:5; 12:3 (ᾗ μὴ καθαρῶς χρησάμενοι not using it in purity); ITr 6:1; IPhld 4; Hs 9, 16, 4 (of the use of a seal as PHib 72, 16 [III B.C.]). διαλέκτῳ use a language Dg 5:2. Of law (Trag., Hdt. et al.; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 125) τοῖς νόμοις live in accordance with the laws (Jos., Ant. 16, 27; Ath. 1, 1) Hs 1:3f; cp. 6. ἐάν τις αὐτῷ (=τῷ νόμῳ) νομίμως χρῆται 1 Ti 1:8. προφήταις χρῆσθαι appeal to the prophets AcPlCor 1:10. A dat. is to be supplied w. μᾶλλον χρῆσαι make the most of, take advantage of 1 Cor 7:21, either τῇ δουλείᾳ (so the Peshitta, Chrysostom, Theodoret, and many modern interpreters and translators, among the latter, 20th Century, Goodsp., NRSV; s. also HBellen, Ac 6, ’63, 177–80) or τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ (so Erasmus, Luther, Calvin, FGodet, Lghtf., Zahn, Moffatt, RSV, NRSV mg., REB); s. μᾶλλον 2a.—If μ. χ. is construed without an implied dat., the phrase can be understood in the sense be all the more useful, work all the harder (cp. Vi. Aesopi G 17 P. on the theme of dedication to a task) i.e. as a freedperson be as industrious as a slave. (On this subj.: TZahn, Sklaverei u. Christentum in d. alten Welt [1879]: Skizzen aus dem Leben d. alten Kirche² 1898, 116–59; EvDobschütz, Sklaverei u. Christent.: RE³ XVIII 423–33; XXIV 521; JvWalter, Die Sklaverei im NT 1914; FKiefl, Die Theorien des modernen Sozialismus über den Ursprung d. Christentums, Zugleich ein Komm. zu 1 Cor 7:21, 1915, esp. p. 56–109; JWeiss, Das Urchristentum 1917, 456–60; ASteinmann, Zur Geschichte der Auslegung v. 1 Cor 7:21: ThRev 16, 1918, 341–48; AJuncker, D. Ethik des Ap. Pls II 1919, 175–81; JKoopmans, De Servitute Antiqua et Rel. Christ., diss. Amsterdam 1920, 119ff; ELohmeyer, Soz. Fragen im Urchrist. 1921; FGrosheide, Exegetica [1 Cor 7:21]: GereformTT 24, 1924, 298–302; HGreeven [s.v. πλοῦτος 1]; MEnslin, The Ethics of Paul 1930, 205–10; WWestermann, Enslaved Persons Who Are Free, AJP 59, ’38, 1–30; HGülzow, Christent. u. Sklaverei [to 300 A.D.], ’69, 177–81; SBartchy, MALLON CHRESAI, ’73=SBLDS 11, ’85; TWiedmann, Greek and Roman Slavery ’81; COsiek, Slavery in the Second Testament World: BTB 22, ’92, 174–79 [lit.]; JHarril, The Manumission of Slaves in Early Christianity ’95, esp. 68–128. On slavery in antiquity gener.: WWestermann, Pauly-W. Suppl. VI ’35, 894–1068, The Slave Systems of Gk. and Rom. Antiquity, ’55; WKristensen, De antieke opvatting van dienstbaarheid ’34; MPohlenz, D. hellen. Mensch ’47, 387–96; Kl. Pauly V 230–34; BHHW III 1814f; MFinley, Slavery in Classical Antiquity ’60; KBradley, The Problem of Slavery in Classical Culture: ClPh 92, ’97, 273–82 [lit.]; PGarnsey, Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine ’96.) τινὶ εἴς τι use someth. for someth. (Oenomaus in Eus., PE 5, 33, 14; Simplicius In Epict. p. 27, 52 Düb.; cp. Tat. 17, 4 πρὸς τὸ κακοποιεῖν) Hv 3, 2, 8. σὺ αὐτὸς χρᾶσαι ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν λίθων you yourself function as one from these same stones 3, 6, 7 (s. app. in Whittaker and Joly; for lit. s. Leutzsch, Hermas 418 n. 355).—W. a double dat. (Trag. et al.) σχοινίῳ χρώμενοι τῷ πνεύματι using as a rope the Holy Spirit IEph 9:1. W. double dat. of pers. (Jos., C. Ap. 1, 227; Just., D. 7, 1; Tat. 36, 1; Ath. 32, 1) of the Syrian ἐκκλησία, which ποιμένι τῷ θεῷ χρῆται resorts to God as shepherd IRo 9:1.

ⓑ w. acc. (X., Ages. 11, 11; Ps.-Aristot., Oecon. 2, 22, 1350a, 7 χρ. τὰ τέλη εἰς διοίκησιν τῆς πόλεως; Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 162 D.; SIG 1170, 27 ἄνηθον μετʼ ἐλαίου χρ.; PTebt 273, 28 ὕδωρ χρ.; Wsd 7:14 v.l.; 2 Macc 4:19.—B-D-F §152, 4; Rob. 476) τὸν κόσμον 1 Cor 7:31 (cp. Simplicius In Epict. p. 29, 30 Düb. τὸ τοῖς μὴ ἐφʼ ἡμῖν ὡς ἐφʼ ἡμῖν οὖσι κεχρῆσθαι=to use that which is not in our power as if it were in our power; s. also MDibelius, Urchristentum u. Kultur 1928).

② act, proceed (Hdt. et al.; POxy 474, 38 et al.) w. dat. of characteristic shown (Aelian, VH 2, 15; Jos., Ant. 10, 25; Just., D. 79, 2; Tat. 40, 1; Mel., HE 4, 26, 13) τῇ ἐλαφρίᾳ 2 Cor 1:17. πολλῇ παρρησίᾳ 3:12. ὑποταγῇ 1 Cl 37:5.—W. adv. (PMagd 6, 12 [III B.C.] et al.) ἀποτόμως 2 Cor 13:10.

③ treat a person in a certain way, w. dat. of pers. and an adv. (X., Mem. 1, 2, 48 φίλοις καλῶς χρ.; OGI 51, 8 [III B.C.] τοῖς τεχνίταις φιλανθρώπως χρῆται; PPetr III, 115, 8 [III B.C.] πικρῶς σοι ἐχρήσατο; POxy 745, 6; Esth 2:9; TestJob 20:3 ὡς ἐβούλετο; Jos., Ant. 2, 315, C. Ap. 1, 153 φιλανθρώπως; Just., A I, 27, 1 αἰσχρῶς) φιλανθρώπως ὁ Ἱούλιος τῷ Παύλῳ χρησάμενος; cp. Hs 5, 2, 10.—DELG s.v. χράομαι p. 1274. M-M. EDNT.

ἀγοραστά̱ς, ἀγοραστής

the slave who had to buy: masc acc pl

ἀγοραστά̱ς, ἀγοραστής

the slave who had to buy: masc nom sg (epic doric aeolic)

ἀγοραστά̱ς, ἀγοραστός

bought: fem acc pl

ἀγοραστά̱ς, ἀγοραστής

the slave who had to buy: masc acc pl

ἀγοραστά̱ς, ἀγοραστής

the slave who had to buy: masc nom sg (epic doric aeolic)

ἀγοραστά̱ς, ἀγοραστός

bought: fem acc pl

οἴκο-τριψ, ῐβος, ὁ,

A a slave born and bred in the house, [dialect] Att. for οἰκογενής (EM590.15), οἰ. κλώψ, of a mouse (cf. οἰκόσιτος II), Babr.107.2 ; as a term of abuse,

ᾡκότριψ Εὐριπίδης

the slave

E.

, Ar.Th. 426 ;

οἰκοτρίβων οἰκότριβας D. 13.24

;

μετὰ τῶν οἰ. παίζειν Ael.VH12.15

: metaph.,

οἰκότριβες ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ Phld.Acad.Ind.p.19M.

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `kind of cup' (Nico 1, Delos III c. B.C., pap.); object in the kottabos-game (cup?, support?) s. Ath. 487 c d.

Other forms: pl. μάνητες, acc. pl. μάνᾱς.

Derivatives: Dimin. μανίον. Slave name, s. W. Hofmann s.v. mānēs.

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: Mazzarino, Rend. Acc. Linc. 6, 15, 366ff. connects Lat. mānāre as Siculian. Is there a relation with the slave-name?

ὁ, [full] ἡ, τό, is, when thus written,

A demonstr. Pronoun.

B in [dialect] Att., definite or prepositive Article.

C in [dialect] Ep., the so-called postpositive Article, = relative Pronoun, ὅς, ἥ, ὅ.—The nom. masc. and fem. sg. and pl., ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ, have no accent in codd. and most printed books, exc. when used as the relative ; but ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ differ only in writing from ὃ, ἣ, οἳ, αἳ ; the nom. forms of the article are said by Hdn.Gr.1.474 to be oxytone, and by A.D.Pron.8.7 not to be enclitic. The forms τῶν, τοῖς, ταῖς were barytone (i. e. τὼν, τοὶς, ταὶς ) in [dialect] Aeol. acc. to Aristarch. ap. A.D.Synt.51.26. For οἱ, αἱ some dialects (not Cypr., cf. Inscr.Cypr.135.30H., nor Cret., cf.Leg.Gort. 5.28, nor Lesbian, cf. Alc.81, Sapph.Supp.5.1 ) and Hom. have τοί, ταί (though οἱ, αἱ are also found in Hom.): other Homeric forms are gen. sg. τοῖο, gen. and dat. dual

τοῖιν Od.18.34

, al.: gen. pl. fem. τάων [pron. full] [ᾱ], dat. τοῖσι, τῇς and τῇσι, never ταῖσι or ταῖς in Hom.— In [dialect] Dor. and all other dialects exc. [dialect] Att. and [dialect] Ion. the fem. forms preserve the old [pron. full] ᾱ instead of changing it to η, hence [dialect] Dor. etc. ἁ, τάν, τᾶς ; the gen. pl. τάων contracts in many dialects to τᾶν ; the gen. sg. is in many places τῶ, acc. pl. τώς, but Cret., etc., τόνς (Leg.Gort.7.7, al.) or τός (ib.3.50, al.) ; in Lesbian [dialect] Aeol. the acc. pl. forms are τοὶς, ταὶς, IG12(2).645 A13, B62 ; dat. pl. τοῖς, ταῖς (or τοὶς, ταὶς, v. supr.), ib.645 A8, ib.1.6 ; ταῖσι as demonstr., Sapph. 16. The [dialect] Att. Poets also used the [dialect] Ion. and [dialect] Ep. forms τοῖσι, ταῖσι ; and in Trag. we find τοὶ μέν.., τοὶ δέ.., for οἱ μέν.., οἱ δέ.., not only in lyr., as A.Pers. 584, Th. 295, 298 ;

οἱ μέν.. τοὶ δ' S.Aj. 1404

(anap.) ; but even in a trimeter, A.Pers. 424. In [dialect] Att. the dual has usu. only one gender, τὼ θεώ (for τὰ θεά) And.1.113 sq. ; τὼ πόλεε Foed. ap. Th.5.23 ;

τὼ ἡμέρα X.Cyr.1.2.11

;

τὼ χεῖρε Id.Mem.2.3.18

;

τοῖν χεροῖν Pl.Tht. 155e

;

τοῖν γενεσέοιν Id.Phd. 71e

;

τοῖν πολέοιν Isoc.4.75

(τά S.Ant. 769, Ar.Eq. 424, 484,

ταῖν Lys.19.17

, Is.5.16, etc. have been corrected) ; in Arc. the form τοῖς functions as gen. dual fem.,

μεσακόθεν τοῖς κράναιυν Schwyzer664.8

(Orchom., iv B.C.):—in Elean and [dialect] Boeot. ὁ, ἡ (ἁ), τό, with the addition of -ί, = ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε, nom.pl. masc. τυΐ the following men, Schwyzer485.14 (Thespiae, iii B.C.), al., cf. infr. VIII. 5. (With ὁ, ἁ, cf. Skt. demonstr. pron. sa, sā, Goth. sa, sō, ONorse sá, sú, Old Lat. acc. sum, sam (Enn.): —with τό [from Τόδ] cf. Skt. tat (tad), Lat. is-tud, Goth. pata: —with τοί cf. Skt. te, Lith. tĩe, OE. pá, etc.:—with τάων cf. Skt. tāsām, Lat. is-tarum:— the origin of the relative ὅς, ἥ, ὅ (q. v.) is different.)

A ὁ, ἡ, τό, DEMONSTR. PRONOUN, that, the oldest and in Hom. the commonest sense: freq. also in Hdt. (1.86,5.35,al.), and sts. in Trag. (mostly in lyr., A.Supp. 1047, etc.; in trimeters, Id.Th. 197, Ag.7, Eu. 174 ; τῶν γάρ.., τῆς γάρ.., Id.Supp. 358, S.OT 1082 ; seldom in [dialect] Att. Prose, exc. in special phrases, v. infr. VI, VII):

I joined with a Subst., to call attention to it, ὁ Τυδεΐδης he—Tydeus' famous son, Il. 11.660; τὸν Χρύσην that venerable man Chryses, I.II: and so with Appellat., Νέστωρ ὁ γέρων N.— thataged man, 7.324 ; αἰετοῦ.. τοῦ θηρητῆρος the eagle, that which is called hunter, 21.252, al. ; also to define and give emphasis, τιμῆς τῆς Πριάμου for honour, namely that of Priam, 20.181 ; οἴχετ' ἀνὴρ ὤριστος a man is gone, and he the best, 11.288, cf. 13.433, al.: sts. with words between the Pron. and Noun,

αὐτὰρ ὁ αὖτε Πέλοψ 2.105

;

τὸν Ἕκτορι μῦθον ἐνίσπες 11.186

, cf. 703, al.:—different from this are cases like Il.1.409 αἴ κέν πως ἐθέλῃσιν ἐπὶ Τρώεσσιν ἀρῆξαι, τοὺς δὲ κατὰ πρύμνας τε καὶ ἀμφ' ἅλα ἔλσαι Ἀχαιούς if he would help the Trojans, but drive those back to the ships— I mean the Achaeans, where Ἀχ. is only added to explain τούς, cf. 1.472, 4.20, 329, al.

II freq. without a Subst., he, she, it,

ὁ γὰρ ἦλθε Il.1.12

, al.

III placed after its Noun, before the Relat. Prons., ἐφάμην σὲ περὶ φρένας ἔμμεναι ἄλλων, τῶν ὅσσοι Λυκίην ναιετάουσι far above the rest, above those to wit who, etc., Il.17.172 ; οἷ' οὔ πώ τιν' ἀκούομεν οὐδὲ παλαιῶν, τάων αἳ πάρος ἦσαν.. Ἀχαιαί such as we have not heard tell of yet even among the women of old, those women to wit who.., Od.2.119, cf. Il.5.332 ;

θάλαμον τὸν ἀφίκετο, τόν ποτε τέκτων ξέσσεν Od.21.43

, cf. 1.116, 10.74 :—for the [dialect] Att. usage v. infr.

IV before a Possessive Pron. its demonstr. force is sts. very manifest, φθίσει σε τὸ σὸν μένος that spirit of thine, Il.6.407, cf. 11.608 ; but in 15.58, 16.40, and elsewh. it is merely the Art.

V for cases in which the Homeric usage approaches most nearly to the Attic, v. infr. B. init.

VI ὁ μέν.., ὁ δέ.. without a Subst., in all cases, genders, and numbers, Hom., etc.: sts. in Opposition, where ὁ μέν prop. refers to the former, ὁ δέ to the latter ; more rarely ὁ μέν the latter,

ὁ δέ

the former,

Pl.Prt. 359e

, Isoc.2.32,34: sts. in Partition, the one.., the other.., etc.—The Noun with it is regularly in gen. pl., being divided by the ὁ μέν.., ὁ δέ.., into parts,

ἠΐθεοι καὶ παρθένοι.., τῶν δ' αἱ μὲν λεπτὰς ὀθόνας ἔχον, οἱ δὲ χιτῶνας εἵατο Il.18.595

;

τῶν πόλεων αἱ μὲν τυραννοῦνται, αἱ δὲ δημοκρατοῦνται, αἱ δὲ ἀριστοκρατοῦνται Pl.R. 338d

, etc.: but freq. the Noun is in the same case, by a kind of apposition,

ἴδον υἷε Δάρητος, τὸν μὲν ἀλευάμενον τὸν δὲ κτάμενον Il.5.28

, cf. Od.12.73, etc.: so in Trag. and [dialect] Att., S.Ant. 22, etc. ;

πηγὴ ἡ μὲν εἰς αὐτὸν ἔδυ, ἡ δὲ ἔξω ἀπορρεῖ Pl.Phdr. 255c

; if the Noun be collective, it is in the gen. sg.,

ὁ μὲν πεπραμένος ἦν τοῦ σίτου, ὁ δὲ ἔνδον ἀποκείμενος D.42.6

: sts. a Noun is added in apposition with ὁ μέν or

ὁ δέ, ὁ μὲν οὔτασ' Ἀτύμνιον ὀξέϊ δουρὶ Ἀντίλοχος.., Μάρις δὲ.. Il.16.317

-19, cf. 116 ;

τοὺς μὲν τὰ δίκαια ποιεῖν ἠνάγκασα, τοὺς πλουσίους, τοὺς δὲ πένητας κτλ. D.18.102

, cf. Pl.Grg. 501a, etc.

2 when a neg. accompanies ὁ δέ, it follows δέ, e.g.

τὰς γοῦν Ἀθήνας οἶδα τὸν δὲ χῶρον οὔ S.OC24

;

τὸν φιλόσοφον σοφίας ἐπιθυμητὴν εἶναι, οὐ τῆς μὲν τῆς δ' οὔ, ἀλλὰ πάσης Pl.R. 475b

;

οὐ πάσας χρὴ τὰς δόξας τιμᾶν, ἀλλὰ τὰς μὲν τὰς δ' οὔ· οὐδὲ πάντων, ἀλλὰ τῶν μὲν τῶν δ' οὔ Id.Cri. 47a

, etc.

3 ὁ μέν τις.., ὁ δέ τις.. is used in Prose, when the Noun to which ὁ refers is left indefinite,

ἔλεγον ὁ μέν τις τὴν σοφίαν, ὁ δὲ τὴν καρτερίαν.., ὁ δέ τις καὶ τὸ κάλλος X.Cyr.3.1.41

;

νόμους.. τοὺς μὲν ὀρθῶς τιθέασιν τοὺς δέ τινας οὐκ ὀρθῶς Pl.R. 339c

, cf. Phlb. 13c.

4 on τὸ μέν.., τὸ δέ.., or τὰ μέν.., τὰ δέ.., v. infr. VIII.4.

5 ὁ μέν is freq. used without a corresponding

ὁ δέ, οἱ μὲν ἄρ' ἐσκίδναντο.., Μυρμιδόνας δ' οὐκ εἴα ἀποσκίδνασθαι Il.23.3

, cf. 24.722, Th.8.12, etc.: also folld. by

ἀλλά, ἡ μὲν γάρ μ' ἐκέλευε.., ἀλλ' ἐγὼ οὐκ ἔθελον Od.7.304

; by ἄλλος δέ, Il.6.147, etc. ;

τὸν μὲν.., ἕτερον δέ Ar.Av. 843

, etc. ;

ὁ μέν.., ὃς δέ.. Thgn.205

(v.l. οὐδέ): less freq. ὁ δέ in the latter clause without ὁ μέν preceding, τῇ ῥα παραδραμέτην φεύγων, ὁ δ' ὄπισθε διώκων (for ὁ μὲν φεύγων) Il.22.157 ;

σφραγῖδε.. χρυσοῦν ἔχουσα τὸν δακτύλιον, ἡ δ' ἑτέρα ἀργυροῦν IG22.1388.45

, cf.

μέν D.

III ;

γεωργὸς μὲν εἷς, ὁ δὲ οἰκοδόμος, ἄλλος δέ τις ὑφαντής Pl.R. 369d

, cf. Tht. 181d.

6 ὁ δέ following μέν sts. refers to the subject of the preceding clause,

τοῦ μὲν ἅμαρθ', ὁ δὲ Λεῦκον.. βεβλήκει Il. 4.491

;

τὴν μὲν γενομένην αὐτοῖσι αἰτίην οὐ μάλα ἐξέφαινε, ὁ δὲ ἔλεγέ σφι Hdt.6.3

, cf. 1.66,6.9, 133,7.6 : rare in [dialect] Att. Prose,

ἐπεψήφιζεν αὐτὸς ἔφορος ὤν· ὁ δὲ οὐκ ἔφη διαγιγνώσκειν τὴν βοήν Th.1.87

;

ἔμενον ὡς κατέχοντες τὸ ἄκρον· οἱ δ' οὐ κατεῖχον X.An.4.2.6

: this is different from ὁ δέ in apodosi, v. infr. 7 ; also from passages in which both clauses have a common verb, v. ὅ γε 11.

7 ὁ δέ is freq. used simply in continuing a narrative, Il.1.43, etc.; also used by Hom. in apodosi after a relat., v. ὅδε 111.3.

8 the opposition may be expressed otherwise than by μέν and

δέ, οὔθ' ὁ.. οὔθ' ὁ Il.15.417

;

ἢ τοῖσιν ἢ τοῖς A.Supp. 439

;

οὔτε τοῖς οὔτε τοῖς Pl.Lg. 701e

.

VII the following usages prevailed in [dialect] Att. Prose,

1 in dialogue, after καί, it was usual to say in nom. sg. masc. καὶ ὅς ; in the other cases the usual forms of the Art. were used (v.

ὅς A.

II.I and cf. Skt. sas, alternat. form of sa) ; so, in acc.,

καὶ τὸν εἰπεῖν Pl.Smp. 174a

, cf. X.Cyr.1.3.9, etc.; also in Hdt.,

καὶ τὴν φράσαι 6.61

, al.

2 ὁ καὶ ὁ such and such,

τῇ καὶ τῇ ἀτιμίᾳ Pl.Lg. 721b

: but mostly in acc.,

καί μοι κάλει τὸν καὶ τόν Lys.1.23

, cf. Pl.Lg. 784d ;

τὰ καὶ τὰ πεπονθώς D.21.141

, cf. 9.68 ;

τὸ καὶ τό Id.18.243

; ἀνάγκη ἄρα τὸ καὶ τό it must then be so and so, Arist.Rh. 1401a4, cf. 1413a22 ; but τὰ καὶ τά now one thing, now another, of good and bad,

τὸν δ' ἀγαθὸν τολμᾶν χρὴ τά τε καὶ τὰ φέρειν Thgn.398

, cf. Pi.P.5.55,7.20, al.;

τῶν τε καὶ τῶν καιρόν Id.O. 2.53

; so πάντα τοῦ μετρίου μεταβαλλόμενα ἐπὶ τὰ καὶ ἐπὶ τά, of excess and defect, Hp.Acut.46 ; cf. A. VI.8.

VIII abs. usages of single cases,

1 fem. dat. τῇ, of Place, there, on that spot, here, this way, that way, Il.5.752, 858, al.: folld. by ᾗ, 13.52, etc.: also in Prose,

τὸ μὲν τῇ, τὸ δὲ τῇ X.Ath.2.12

.

b with a notion of motion towards, that way, in that direction, Il.10.531,11.149, 12.124 ;

τῇ ἴμεν ᾗ.. 15.46

;

δελφῖνες τῇ καὶ τῇ ἐθύνεον ἰχθυάοντες Hes.Sc. 210

:—only poet.

c of Manner,

τῇ περ τελευτήσεσθαι ἔμελλεν

in this way, thus,

Od.8.510

.

d repeated, τῇ μέν.., τῇ δέ.., in one way.., in another.., or partly.., partly.., E.Or. 356, Pl.Smp. 211a, etc.: without

μέν, τῇ μᾶλλον, τῇ δ' ἧσσον Parm.8.48

.

e relat., where, by which way, only [dialect] Ep., as Il.12.118, Od.4.229.

2 neut. dat. τῷ, therefore, on this account, freq. in Hom., Il.1.418, 2.254, al. (v. infr.): also in Trag., A.Pr. 239, S.OT 510 (lyr.) ; in Prose,

τῷ τοι.. Pl.Tht. 179d

, Sph. 230b.

b thus, so, Il.2.373, 13.57, etc.: it may also, esp. when εἰ precedes, be translated, then, if this be so, on this condition, Od.1.239,3.224, 258,al., Theoc.29.11.—In Hom. the true form is prob. τῶ, as in cod. A, or τώ, cf. A.D.Adv.199.2.

3 neut. acc. τό, wherefore, Il.3.176, Od.8.332, al., S.Ph. 142(lyr.) ; also τὸ δέ abs., but the fact is.., Pl.Ap. 23a, Men. 97c, Phd. 109d, Tht. 157b, R. 340d, Lg. 967a ; even when the τό refers to what precedes, the contrast may lie not in the thing referred to, but in another part of the sentence (cf. supr. VI. 6),

τὸ δ' ἐπὶ κακουργίᾳ.. ἐπετήδευσαν Th.1.37

;

τὸ δὲ.. ἡμῖν μᾶλλον περιέσται Id.2.89

; φασὶ δέ τινες αὐτὸν καὶ τῶν ἑπτὰ σοφῶν γεγονέναι· τὸ δὲ οὐκ ἦν but he was not, Nic.Dam.58J.

4 τὸ μέν.., τὸ δέ.., partly.., partly.., or on the one hand.., on the other.., Th.7.36, etc., cf.Od.2.46 ; more freq. τὰ μέν.., τὰ δέ.., Hdt.1.173, S.Tr. 534, etc.; also

τὰ μέν τι.., τὰ δέ τι.. X.An.4.1.14

;

τὸ μέν τι.., τὸ δέ τι.. Luc.Macr.14

;

τὰ μέν.., τὸ δὲ πλέον.. Th.1.90

: sts. without τὸ μέν.. in the first clause,

τὸ δέ τι Id.1.107

,7.48 : rarely of Time, τὰ μὲν πολλὰ.., τέλος δέ several times.. and finally, Hdt.3.85.

5 of Time, sts. that time, sts. this (present) time, συνμαχία κ' ἔα ἑκατὸν ϝέτεα, ἄρχοι δέ κα τοΐ (where it is possible, but not necessary, to supply ϝέτος) SIG9.3 (Olympia, vi B.C.): so with Preps., ἐκ τοῦ, [dialect] Ep. τοῖο, from that time, Il.1.493,15.601.

b πρὸ τοῦ, sts. written προτοῦ, before this, aforetime, Hdt.1.103, 122,5.55, A.Ag. 1204, Ar.Nu.5, etc.;

ἐν τῷ πρὸ τοῦ χρόνῳ Th.1.32

, cf. A.Eu. 462 ;

τὸ πρὸ τοῦ D.S.20.59

.

c in Thess. Prose, ὑππρὸ τᾶς yesterday, τὰ ψαφίσματα τό τε ὑππρὸ τᾶς γενόμενον καὶ τὸ τᾶμον the decree which was passed yesterday (lit. before this [day]), and to-day's, IG9(2).517.43 (Larissa, iii B.C.).

6 ἐν τοῖς is freq. used in Prose with Superlatives, ἐν τοῖσι θειότατον a most marvellous thing, Hdt.7.137 ; ἐν τοῖς πρῶτοι the very first, Th.1.6, etc.; ἐν τοῖσι πρῶτος ( πρώτοις codd.) Pherecr.145.4 ; [Ζεὺς] Ἔρωτά τε καὶ Ἀνάγκην ἐν τοῖς πρῶτα ἐγέννησεν first of all, Aristid. Or.43(1).16, cf. 37(2).2: when used with fem. Nouns, ἐν τοῖς remained without change of gender, ἐν τοῖς πλεῖσται δὴ νῆες the greatest number of ships, Th.3.17; ἐν τοῖς πρώτη ἐγένετο (sc. ἡ στάσις) ib.82 : also with Advbs.,

ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα Id.8.90

, Pl.Cri. 52a, Plu.2.74e, 421d, 723e, Brut.6, 11,al., Paus.1.16.3, etc.;

ἐν τοῖς χαλεπώτατα Th.7.71

;

τὴν Αἴγυπτον ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα μελάγγειον οὖσαν Plu.2.364c

: in late Prose, also with Positives,

ἐν τοῖς παράδοξον Aristid.Or.48(24).47

codd.; with

πάνυ, ἐν τοῖς πάνυ D.H.1.19

, cf. 66 ( ἐν ταῖς πάνυ f.l. 4.14,15).

B ὁ, ἡ, τό, THE DEFINITE ARTICLE, the, to specify individuals: rare in this signf. in the earliest Gr., becoming commoner later. In Hom. the demonstr. force can generally be traced, v. supr. A. I, but the definite Art. must be recognized in places like Il.1.167,7.412, 9.309, 12.289, Od.19.372 : also when joined to an Adj. to make it a Subst.,

αἰὲν ἀποκτείνων τὸν ὀπίστατον

the hindmost man,

Il.11.178

;

τὸν ἄριστον 17.80

;

τὸν δύστηνον 22.59

;

τὸν προὔχοντα 23.325

; τῷ πρώτῳ.., τῷ δευτέρῳ.., etc., ib. 265sq. ; also in

τῶν ἄλλων 2.674

, al.: with Advs.,

τὸ πρίν 24.543

, al.;

τὸ πάρος περ 17.720

;

τὸ πρόσθεν 23.583

; also τὸ τρίτον ib. 733 ;

τὰ πρῶτα 1.6

,al.; τὸ μὲν ἄλλο for the rest, 23.454 ;

ἀνδρῶν τῶν τότε 9.559

.—The true Art., however, is first fully established in fifth-cent. [dialect] Att., whilst the demonstr. usage disappears, exc. in a few cases, V. A. VI-VIII.—Chief usages, esp. in [dialect] Att.

I not only with common Appellats., Adjs., and Parts., to specify them as present to sense or mind, but also freq. where we use the Possessive Pron.,

τὸ κέαρ ηὐφράνθην Ar.Ach.5

; τὴν κεφαλὴν κατεάγην my head was broken, And.1.61, etc. ; τοὺς φίλους ποιούμεθα we make our friends, S.Ant. 190 ; τὰς πόλεις ἔκτιζον they began founding their cities, Th.1.12;

οὐχ ὑπὲρ τὴν οὐσίαν ποιούμενοι τοὺς παῖδας Pl.R. 372b

.

b omitted with pr.nn.and freq. with Appellats. which require no specification, as θεός, βασιλεύς, v. θεός 1.1, βασιλεύς III ; ἐμ πόλει in the Acropolis, IG12.4.1, al.: but added to pr. nn., when attention is to be called to the previous mention of the person, as Th. (3.70 ) speaks first of Πειθίας and then refers to him repeatedly as ὁ Π.; cf. Θράσυλος in Id.8.104, with ὁ Θ. ib. 105 ; or when the person spoken of is to be specially distinguished, Ζεύς, ὅστις ὁ Ζεύς whoever this Zeus is, E.Fr. 480 ; and therefore properly omitted when a special designation follows, as Σωκράτης ὁ φιλόσοφος: seldom in Trag. with pr. nn., save to give pecul. emphasis, like Lat. ille, ὁ Λάϊος, ὁ Φοῖβος, S.OT 729, El.35, etc.: later, however, the usage became very common (the Homeric usage of ὁ with a pr. n. is different, v. A.I).

c Aristotle says Σωκράτης meaning the historical Socrates, as in SE183b7, PA642a28, al., but ὁ Σωκράτης when he means the Platonic Socrates, as Pol.1261a6, al.: so with other pr.nn., EN1145a21, 1146a21, al.

d for Σαῦλος ὁ καὶ Παῦλος, etc., v. καί B.2.

2 in a generic sense, where the individual is treated as a type,

οἷς ὁ γέρων μετέῃσιν.. λεύσσει Il.3.109

;

πονηρὸν ὁ συκοφάντης D.18.242

, etc.

b freq. with abstract Nouns,

ἥ τε ἐλπὶς καὶ ὁ ἔρως Th.3.45

, etc.

3 of outstanding members of a class, ὁ γεωγράφος, ὁ κωμικός, ὁ ποιητής, ὁ τεχνικός, v. γεωγράφος, κωμικός, ποιητής, τεχνικός.

4 with infs., which thereby become Substs., τὸ εἴργειν prevention, Pl.Grg. 505b ; τὸ φρονεῖν good sense, S.Ant. 1348(anap.), etc.: when the subject is expressed it is put between the Art.and the inf., τὸ θεοὺς εἶναι the existence of gods, Pl.Phd. 62b ; τὸ μηδένα εἶναι ὄλβιον the fact or statement that no one is happy, Hdt.1.86.

5 in neut. before any word or expression which itself is made the object of thought, τὸ ἄνθρωπος the word or notion man ; τὸ λέγω the word λέγω ; τὸ μηδὲν ἄγαν the sentiment 'ne quid nimis', E.Hipp. 265(lyr.); τὸ τῇ αὐτῇ the phrase τῇ αὐτῇ, Pl.Men. 72e : and so before whole clauses, ἡ δόξα.. περὶ τοῦ οὕστινας δεῖ ἄρχειν the opinion about the question 'who ought to rule', Id.R. 431e ; τὸ ἐὰν μένητε παρ' ἐμοί, ἀποδώσω the phrase 'I will give back, if.. ', X.Cyr. 5.1.21, cf. Pl.R. 327c, etc.;

τοὺς τοῦ τί πρακτέον λογισμούς D.23.148

; τὸ ὀλίγοι the term few, Arist.Pol. 1283b11.

6 before relat. clauses, when the Art. serves to combine the whole relat. clause into one notion, τῇ ᾗ φὴς σὺ σκληρότητι the harshness you speak of, Pl.Cra. 435a ; τὸν ἥμερον καρπόν.., καὶ τὸν ὅσος ξύλινος (i.e. καὶ τὸν καρπὸν ὅσος ἂν ᾖ ξύλινος) Id.Criti. 115b ;

τῶν ὅσοι ἂν.. ἀγαθοὶ κριθῶσιν Id.R. 469b

;

ἐκ γῆς καὶ πυρὸς μείξαντες καὶ τῶν ὅσα πυρὶ καὶ γῇ κεράννυται Id.Prt. 320d

, cf. Hyp.Lyc.2 ;

ταύτην τε τὴν αἰτίαν καὶ τὴν ὅθεν ἡ κίνησις Arist.Metaph. 987a8

;

τὸν ὃς ἔφη Lys.23.8

: hence the relat., by attraction, freq. follows the case of the Art., τοῖς οἵοις ἡμῖν τε καὶ ὑμῖν, i.e. τοῖς οὖσιν οἷοι ἡμεῖς καὶ ὑμεῖς, X.HG2.3.25, etc.

7 before Prons.,

a before the pers. Prons., giving them greater emphasis, but only in acc.,

τὸν ἐμέ Pl.Tht. 166a

,Phlb. 20b ; τὸν.. σὲ καὶ ἐμέ ib. 59b ;

τὸν αὑτόν Id.Phdr. 258a

; on ὁ αὐτός, v. αὐτός 111.

b before the interrog. Pron. (both τίς and ποῖος), referring to something before, which needs to be more distinctly specified, A.Pr. 251, Ar. Pax 696 ; also τὰ τί; because οἷα went before, ib. 693. Of τίς only the neut. is thus used (v.supr.): ποῖος is thus used not only in neut. pl., τὰ ποῖα; E.Ph. 707 ; but also in the other genders, ὁ ποῖος; ib. 1704 ; τῆς ποίας μερίδος; D.18.64 ; τοῖς ποίοις.. ; Arist.Ph. 227b1.

c with τοιοῦτος, τοιόσδε, τηλικοῦτος, etc., the Art. either makes the Pron. into a Subst.,

ὁ τοιοῦτος

that sort of person,

X.Mem.4.2.21

, etc.; or subjoins it to a Subst. which already has an Art.,

τὴν ἀπολογίαν τὴν τοιαύτην D.41.13

.

8 before ἅπας, Pi.N.1.69, Hdt.3.64, 7.153 (s.v.l.), S.OC 1224 (lyr.), D.18.231, etc.; also τὸν ἕνα, τὸν ἕνα τοῦτον, Arist.Pol. 1287b8, 1288a19 : on its usage with ἕκαστος, v. sub voc.; and on οἱ ἄλλοι, οἱ πολλοί, etc., v. ἄλλος 11.6,

πολύς 11.3

, etc.

9 the Art. with the [comp] Comp. is rare, if ἤ follows, S.Ant. 313, OC 796.

II elliptic expressions:

1 before the gen. of a pr.<*>., to express descent, son or daughter, Θουκυδίδης ὁ Ὀλόρου (sc. υἱός) Th.4.104 ; Ἑλένη ἡ τοῦ Διός (sc. θυγάτηρ) E.Hel. 470 : also to denote other relationships, e.g. brother, Lys.32.24, Alciphr.2.2.10 ; ἡ Σμικυθίωνος Μελιστίχη M. the wife of S., Ar.Ec.46 ; Κλέαρχος καὶ οἱ ἐκείνου Cl. and his men, X.An.1.2.15 ; ὁ τοῦ Ἀντιγένεος the slave of A., Hp.Hum.20.

2 generally, before a gen. it indicates a wider relation, as τὸ τῶν νεῶν, τὸ τῶν Ἑρμῶν, the matter of the ships, the affair of the Hermae, Th.4.23,6.60 ; τὰ τοῦ Ἀρριβαίου πράσσειν to promote the interests of Arrhibaeus, Id.4.83, cf. 6.89, etc.; τὸ τῆς τύχης,=ἡ τύχη, Id.4.18 ; τὰ τῆς τύχης accidents, chance events, ib.55 ; τὰ γὰρ φθιτῶν τοῖς ὁρῶσι κόσμος performance of the rites due to the dead befits the living, E.Supp.78(lyr.); τὰ τῶν θεῶν that which is destined by the gods, S.Tr. 498(lyr.): hence with neut. of Possessive Pron., τὸ ἐμόν, τὸ σόν, what regards me or thee, my or thy business or interests, S.Aj. 124, El. 251, etc.: and with gen. of 3 pers.,

τὸ τῆσδε E.Hipp.48

. But τό τινος is freq. also, a man's word or saying, as

τὸ τοῦ Σόλωνος Hdt.1.86

; τὸ τοῦ Ὁμήρου as Homer says, Pl.Tht. 183e ; also τά τινος so-and-so's house, Ar.V. 1432, D.54.7, Theoc.2.76, Herod.5.52, Ev.Luc.2.49.

3 very freq. with cases governed by Preps.. αἱ ἐκ τῆς Ζακύνθου νῆες the ships from Zacynthus, Th.4.13 ; οἱ ἀμφί τινα, οἱ περί τινα, such an one and his followers, v. ἀμφί c.1.3, περί c.1.2 ; also τὰ ἐπὶ Θρᾴκης the Thrace-ward district, Th.1.59, al.; τὰ ἀπὸ τοῦ καταστρώματος matters on deck, Id.7.70 ; τὰ ἀπ' Ἀλκιβιάδου the proposals of Alcibiades, Id.8.48 ; τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς τύχης the incidents of fortune, Id.2.87, etc.

4 on μὰ τόν, μὰ τήν, etc., v. μά IV.

5 in elliptical phrases, ἐπορευόμην τὴν ἔξω τείχους (sc. ὁδόν) Pl.Ly. 203a ; ἡ ἐπὶ θανάτῳ (sc. στολή, δέσις), v. θάνατος; κατὰ τὴν ἐμήν (sc. γνώμην), v. ἐμός 11.4 ; ἡ αὔριον (sc. ἡμέρα), v. αὔριον; ἡ Λυδιστί (sc. ἁρμονία) Arist.Pol. 1342b32, etc.: freq. with Advs., which thus take an adj. sense, as ὁ, ἡ, τὸ νῦν;

ὁ οἴκαδε πλοῦς Th.1.52

; οἱ τότε, οἱ ἔπειτα (sc. ἄνθρωποι), ib.9,10, etc. ; but τό stands abs. with Advs. of time and place, when one cannot (as in the preceding instances) supply a Subst., as

κἀκεῖσε καὶ τὸ δεῦρο E.Ph. 266

, cf.[315] (lyr.);

ὁ μὲν τὸ κεῖθεν, ὁ δὲ τὸ κεῖθεν Id.Or. 1412

(lyr.): rarely abs. in gen., ἰέναι τοῦ πρόσω to go forward, X.An.1.3.1 ;

τοῦ προσωτάτω δραμεῖν S.Aj. 731

.

C as RELATIVE PRONOUN in many dialects ; both in nom. sg. masc. ὅ, as

κλῦθί μοι, ὃ χθιζὸς θεὸς ἤλυθες Od.2.262

, cf. 1.300, al. ;

Ἔρως, ὃ κατ' ὀμμάτων στάζεις πόθον E.Hipp. 526

(lyr.);

Ἄδωνις, ὃ κἠν Ἀχέροντι φιλεῖται Theoc.15.86

; ὃ ἐξορύξη he who banishes him, Schwyzer679.12,25 ([place name] Cyprus) ; and in the forms beginning with τ, esp. in Hom. (Od.4.160, al.), Hdt.1.7, al.: also in [dialect] Ion. Poets,

ἐν τῷ κάθημαι Archil.87.3

, cf. Semon.7.3, Anacr.86 (prob.), Herod.2.64, al.: freq. in Trag.,

τῆς S.OC 1258

, Tr. 381, 728, E.Alc. 883 (anap.);

τῷ S.Ph.14

;

τήν Id.OC 747

, Tr.47, El. 1144 ; τό Id.OT 1427 ; τῶν ib. 1379, Ant. 1086.—Never in Com. or [dialect] Att. Prose:—[dialect] Ep. gen. sg.

τεῦ Il.18.192

(s.v.l.).

D CRASIS OF ARTICLE:

a [dialect] Att. ὁ, ἡ, τό, with [pron. full] ᾰ make ᾱ, as ἁνήρ, ἁλήθεια, τἀγαθόν, τᾄτιον; so οἱ, αἱ, τά, as ἅνδρες, τἀγαθά; also τοῦ, τῷ, as τἀγαθοῦ, τἀγαθῷ: ὁ, τό, οἱ, before e gives ου, οὑξ, οὑπί, οὑμός, τοὔργον, οὑπιχώριοι, etc.; also τοῦ, as τοὐμοῦ, τοὐπιόντος; but ἅτερος, θάτερον ([pron. full] ¯ ?ὁX?ὁX), [dialect] Ion. οὕτερος, τοὔτερον (v. ἕτερος), [dialect] Att. fem. ἡτέρα, dat. θητέρᾳ (v. ἕτερος); τῷ loses the iota, τὠμῷ, τὠπιόντι: ὁ, τό, before ο gives ου, as Οὁδυσσεύς, Οὑλύμπιος, τοὔνομα: ὁ, τό, etc., before αυ gives ᾱυ, αὑτός, ταὐτό, ταὐτῷ (freq. written ἁτός, etc. in Inscrr. and Pap.); so τὰ αὐτά=ταὐτά, αἱ αὐταί= αὑταί: ἡ before εὐ gives ηὑ, as ηὑλάβεια: τῇ before ἡ gives θη, as θἠμέρᾳ: τὸ before ὑ gives θου, as θοὔδωρ for τὸ ὕδωρ.

b other dialects: in their treatment of crasis these follow the local laws of contraction, hence, e.g., [dialect] Dor. ὡξ from

ὁ ἐξ Theoc.1.65

, ὥλαφος from ὁ ἔλαφος ib. 135 ; [dialect] Ion. ᾡσυμνήτης from ὁ αἰς- SIG57.45 (Milet., v B.C.) ; ὡυτή from

ἡ αὐτή Heraclit.60

, etc.

τύπος, ου, ὁ (Aeschyl., Hdt.+; ins in var. senses: New Docs 4, 41f; loanw. in rabb.).

① a mark made as the result of a blow or pressure, mark, trace (Posidon.: 169 Fgm. 1 Jac.; Anth. Pal. 6, 57, 5 ὀδόντων; Athen. 13, 49, 585c τῶν πληγῶν; Diog. L. 7, 45; 50 of a seal-ring; ViJer 13 [p. 73, 10 Sch.]; Philo, Mos. 1, 119; Jos., Bell. 3, 420; PGM 4, 1429; 5, 307.—ὁ ἐκ τῆς αἰσθήσεως τ. ἐν διανοίᾳ γινόμενος Did., Gen. 217, 19) τῶν ἥλων J 20:25ab (v.l. τὸν τόπον).—This may be the place for οἱ τύποι τῶν λίθων Hs 9, 10, 1f (taking a stone out of the ground leaves a hole that bears the contours of the stone, but in effect the stone has made the impression; s. KLake, Apost. Fathers II, 1917; MDibelius, Hdb. But s. 4 below).

② embodiment of characteristics or function of a model, copy, image (cp. Artem. 2, 85 the children are τύπ. of their parents.—Cp. ὁ γὰρ ἥλιος ἐν τύπῳ θεοῦ ἐστιν Theoph. Ant. 2, 15 [p. 138, 8]) the master is a τύπος θεοῦ image of God to the slave B 19:7; D 4:11. The supervisor/bishop is τύπος τοῦ πατρός ITr 3:1; cp. IMg 6:1ab (in both instances here, τύπον is Zahn’s conjecture, favored by Lghtf., for τόπον, which is unanimously read by Gk. and Lat. mss., and which can be retained, with Funk, Hilgenfeld, Krüger, Bihlmeyer).

③ an object formed to resemble some entity, image, statue of any kind of material (Hdt. 3, 88,3 τύπ. λίθινος. Of images of the gods Herodian 5, 5, 6; Jos., Ant. 1, 311 τ. τύπους τῶν θεῶν; 15, 329; SibOr 3, 14) Ac 7:43 (Am 5:26).

④ a kind, class, or thing that suggests a model or pattern, form, figure, pattern (Aeschyl. et al.; Pla., Rep. 387c; 397c) ἐποίησεν ἡμᾶς ἄλλον τύπον he has made us people of a different stamp B 6:11. τύπος διδαχῆς pattern of teaching Ro 6:17 (cp. διδαχή 2; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 23, 105 τὸν τύπον τῆς διδασκαλίας.—The use of τύπος for the imperial ‘rescripts’ [e.g. OGI 521, 5; s. note 4, esp. the reff. for θεῖος τύπος] appears too late to merit serious consideration.—JKürzinger, Biblica 39, ’58, 156–76; ELee, NTS 8, ’61/62, 166–73 [‘mold’]). Of the form (of expression) (Dionys. Hal., Ad Pomp. 4, 2 Rad.; PLips 121, 28 [II A.D.]; POxy 1460, 12) γράψας ἐπιστολὴν ἔχουσαν τὸν τύπον τοῦτον (cp. EpArist 34 ἐπιστολὴ τὸν τύπον ἔχουσα τοῦτον) somewhat as follows, after this manner, to this effect (so numerous versions) Ac 23:25, but s. next.—On τοὺς τύπους τῶν λίθων ἀναπληροῦν Hs 9, 10, 1 s. ἀναπληρόω 3 and 1 above.

⑤ the content of a document, text, content (Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 35, 259 τύπος τ. γεγραμμένων; 3 Macc 3:30; PFlor 278 II, 20 [III A.D.] τῷ αὐτῷ τύπῳ κ. χρόνῳ=of the same content and date) Ac 23:25 (EpArist 34 ἐπιστολὴ τὸν τύπον ἔχουσα τοῦτον). Cp. POxy 3366, 28 (of a copy of a letter), 32 (the original). S. New Docs 1, 77f (with caution against confusing rhetorical practice in composition of speeches and the inclusion of letters whose value lay in their verbatim expression). For a difft. view s. 4 above; more ambivalently Hemer, Acts 347f.

⑥ an archetype serving as a model, type, pattern, model (Pla., Rep. 379a περὶ θεολογίας)

ⓐ technically design, pattern (Diod S 14, 41, 4) Ac 7:44; Hb 8:5 (cp. on both Ex 25:40).

ⓑ in the moral life example, pattern (OGI 383, 212 [I B.C.] τ. εὐσεβείας; SibOr 1, 380; Did., Gen. 125, 27; in a pejorative sense 4 Macc 6:19 ἀσεβείας τύπ.) τύπος γίνου τῶν πιστῶν 1 Ti 4:12.—Phil 3:17; 1 Th 1:7; 2 Th 3:9; Tit 2:7; 1 Pt 5:3; IMg 6:2.—S. ESelwyn, 1 Pt ’46, 298f.

ⓒ of the types given by God as an indication of the future, in the form of persons or things (cp. Philo, Op. M. 157; Iren. 1, 6, 4 [Harv. I 74, 3]); of Adam: τύπος τοῦ μέλλοντος (Ἀδάμ) a type of the Adam to come (i.e. of Christ) Ro 5:14. Cp. 1 Cor 10:6, 11 v.l.; B 7:3, 7, 10f; 8:1; 12:2, 5f, 10; 13:5. χριστὸς Ἰησοῦς … ἑαυτὸν τύπον ἔδειξε Jesus Christ showed himself as the prime exemplar of the resurrection AcPlCor 2:6 (cp. Just., D. 40, 1 τύπος ἦν τοῦ χριστοῦ). Also of the pictorial symbols that Hermas sees, and their deeper meaning Hv 3, 11, 4. The vision serves εἰς τύπον τῆς θλίψεως τῆς ἐπερχομένης as a symbol or foreshadowing of the tribulation to come 4, 1, 1; cp. 4, 2, 5; 4, 3, 6. The two trees are to be εἰς τύπον τοῖς δούλοις τοῦ θεοῦ Hs 2:2a; cp. b.—ἐν τύπῳ χωρίου Ῥωμαίων IRo ins is a conjecture by Zahn for ἐν τόπῳ χ. Ῥ., which is read by all mss. and makes good sense.—AvBlumenthal, Τύπος u. παράδειγμα: Her 63, 1928, 391–414; LGoppelt, Typos. D. typolog. Deutung des AT im Neuen ’39; RBultmann, TLZ 75, ’50, cols. 205–12; AFridrichsen et al., The Root of the Vine (typology) ’53; GLampe and KWoollcombe, Essays in Typology, ’57; KOstmeyer, NTS 46, ’00, 112–31.—New Docs 1, 77f; 4, 41. DELG s.v. τύπτω B. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

γεννάω fut. γεννήσω; 1 aor. ἐγέννησα; pf. γεγέννηκα. Pass.: fut. pl. γεννηθήσεσθε Sir 41:9; 1 aor. ἐγεννήθην; pf. γεγέννημαι (Pind., Hdt.+).—See ARahlfs, Genesis 1926, 39. Gener., to cause someth. to come into existence, primarily through procreation or parturition.

① become the parent of, beget

ⓐ by procreation (oft. LXX, fr. Gen 4:18 on) Mt 1:2–20 (cp. Diod S 4, 67, 2–68, 6, the genealogy of the Aeolians: 67, 4 Ἄρνη ἐγέννησεν Αἰόλον κ. Βοιωτόν; 67, 7 Ἱππάλκιμος ἐγέννησε Πηνέλεων; 68:1 Σαλμωνεὺς ἐγέννησε θυγατέρα … Τυρώ; 68, 3 Ποσειδῶν ἐγέννησε Πελίαν κ. Νηλέα; 68, 6 Νηλεὺς παῖδας ἐγέννησε δώδεκα. Interchanged with ἐγέννησε are ἐτέκνωσε, ἦν υἱός, παῖδες ἐγένοντο, etc.; cp. PMich 155, 7. The continuity is not formalized to the degree in Mt, but in Diod S 4, 69, 1–3 ἐγέννησε is repeated six times in a short space, and 4, 75, 4f ἐγέννησε occurs four times with the names of fathers and sons; Did., Gen. 144, 27); Ac 7:8, 29. ἐκ w. gen. of the mother (Hdt. 1, 108, 2; Diod S 4, 2, 1; 4, 62, 1; Palaeph. 44; PLond V, 1730, 10 οἱ ἐξ αὐτῆς γεννηθέντες υἱοί; Tob 1:9; 2 Esdr 10:44; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 2, 2 Jac.; TestJob 1:6; Jos, Ant. 12, 189) Mt 1:3, 5f.—Pass. be fathered (Orig., C. Cels. 8, 66, 23) ἐκ τῆς παιδίσκης κατὰ σάρκα w. the slave-woman, according to the flesh (i.e. in line with human devising; opp. διʼ ἐπαγγελίας) Gal 4:23. ὁ κατὰ σάρκα γεννηθείς he that was fathered by human design, opp. ὁ κατὰ πνεῦμα he that was fathered by the Spirit’s design, i.e. in keeping with the divine promise, vs. 23) vs. 29. τὸ ἐν αὐτῇ γεννηθὲν ἐκ πνεύματός ἐστιν that which is conceived in her is of the Spirit Mt 1:20 (τὸ γεννηθέν of that which is yet unborn: Diod S 17, 77, 3). Here the male principle is introduced by ἐκ (Lucian, Dial. Deor. 20, 14 ἐκ κύκνου γεγεννημένη; Phlegon: 257 Fgm. 36, 2, 4 Jac.; Ps-Callisth. 1, 30, 3 ἐξ Ἄμμωνος ἐγεννήθη; TestSim 2:2) as J 1:13 (ἐγενήθ. P75et al.); but in 3:6 the imagery is complex, involving a maternal aspect in vs. 4. W. ἀπό (En 15:8 οἱ γίγαντες οἱ γεννηθέντες ἀπὸ τ. πνευμάτων κ. σαρκός) ἀφʼ ἑνὸς ἐγεννήθησαν they were fathered by one man Hb 11:12 (numerous edd. ἐγενήθησαν). ἐκ πορνείας οὐ γεγεννήμεθα (v.l. ἐγεννήθημεν) J 8:41 (cp. StudPal XX, 4, 30 ἐξ ἀγράφων γάμων γεγεννῆσθαι). ἐν ἁμαρτίαις σὺ ἐγεννήθης ὅλος you’re a born sinner, totally! 9:34.—Lk 1:35 (where mng. 2 is also prob. [as in τὸ γεννώμενον Philo, Plant. 15]. S. AFridrichsen, SymbOsl 6, 1928, 33–36; HAlmqvist, Plut. u. d. NT ’46, 60f).

ⓑ by exercising the role of a parental figure, ext. of 1a (Philo, Leg. ad Gai. 58 μᾶλλον αὐτὸν τῶν γονέων γεγέννηκα), of a teacher on pupils ἐν Χ. Ἰ. διὰ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου ὑμᾶς ἐγέννησα I became your father as Christians through the gospel 1 Cor 4:15; Phlm 10 (s. Ltzm. and JWeiss on 1 Cor 4:15; ADieterich, Mithraslit. 1903, 146ff).—Pass. ἐκ (τοῦ) θεοῦ γεννᾶσθαι J 1:13 (on the rdg. of the Lat. ms. b, s. JPryor, NovT 27, ’85, 296–318); 1J 2:29; 3:9; 4:7; 5:1, 4, 18. On γεννᾶσθαι ἐξ ὕδατος κ. πνεύματος J 3:5 cp. 1QS 4:20–22 and s. YYadin, JBL 74, ’55, 40–43. Also ἄνωθεν γ. J 3:3, 7. πᾶς ὁ ἀγαπῶν τὸν γεννήσαντα ἀγαπᾷ τὸν γεγεννημένον ἐξ αὐτοῦ everyone who loves the father (=God) loves the child (=Christ or one’s fellow Christian) 1J 5:1 (on γεννᾶσθαι ἐκ θεοῦ s. Hdb. on J 3:3 and 1J 3:9 and the sources and lit. listed there; s. also παλιγγενεσία). Cp. σήμερον γεγέννηκά σε (Ps 2:7) 1 Cl 36:4; GEb 18, 37; Ac 13:33 (held by some to have been the orig. rdg. Lk 3:22 v.l.; s. JHillmann, Die Kindheitsgesch. Jesu nach Lucas: Jahrbücher f. Protestantische Theologie 17/2, 1891, 192–261; HUsener, D. Weihnachtsfest² 1911, 38ff); Hb 1:5; 5:5.

② to give birth to, bear (Aeschyl., Suppl. 48; X., De Rep. Lac. 1, 3; Lucian, Sacrif. 6; Plut., Mor., 3c; Ps.-Callisth. 1, 9, 2 ἐκ θεοῦ γεννήσασα παῖδα=a woman who has borne a child to a god; BGU 132 II, 5; Judg 11:1 B; Is 66:9; 4 Macc 10:2) Lk 1:13, 57; 23:29; J 16:21 w. τίκτειν; AcPl Ha 8, 28 εἰς δουλείαν γεννῶσα who bears children for slavery Gal 4:24. Pass. be born (ἐκ παρθένου Did., Gen. 96, 13) ἐγεννήθη Μωϋσῆς Ac 7:20; cp. Hb 11:23. γεγεννημένος ἐν Ταρσῷ Ac 22:3; μήπω … γεννηθέντων Ro 9:11; πρὶν ἡμᾶς γεννηθῆναι before we were born 1 Cl 38:3. εἰς τὸν κόσμον come into the world J 16:21; Mt 2:1, 4; 19:12; 26:24 (=1 Cl 46:8); Mk 14:21 (cp. En 38:2); Lk 1:35 (1a is also prob.; a v.l. adds ἐκ σοῦ, which can be rendered ‘the child to whom you give birth’). ἐκ Μαρίας ἐγεννήθη AcPlCor 1:14; 2:5 (cp. Mt 1:16); J 3:4; 9:2, 19f, 32; IEph 18:2; ITr 11:2; ἀληθῶς γ. be in fact born (in opp. to Docetism) 9:1. γεγεννημένα (v.l. γεγενημένα) εἰς ἅλωσιν 2 Pt 2:12. εἰς τοῦτο for this purpose J 18:37. διάλεκτος ἐν ᾑ ἐγεννήθημεν the language in which we were born i.e., which we have spoken fr. infancy Ac 2:8. ἐγὼ δὲ καὶ γεγέννημαι but I was actually born a Roman citizen 22:28. οὗτος ἐγεννήθη βασιλεύς born a king GJs 20:4 codd. γεννῶνται και γεννῶσιν Lk 20:34 v.l.

③ to cause someth. to happen, bring forth, produce, cause, fig. of various kinds of production (Pla. et al.; Polyb. 1, 67, 2 στάσις ἐγεννᾶτο; Philo, De Jos. 254; Jos., Ant. 6, 144) 2 Ti 2:23.—γ. καρπόν produce fruit (Philo, Op. M. 113) ITr 11:1. Forged writing γεγεννημένον for γεγενημένον GJs 24:3.—B. 280. DELG s.v. γίγνομαι p. 222. M-M. TW.

σπέρμα, ατος, τό (σπείρω; Hom.+)

① the source from which someth. is propagated, seed

ⓐ seed of plants pl. seeds 1 Cl 24:5; AcPlCor 2:26, 28 (Ath. 33, 1); (kinds of) seeds (ApcMos 29; Mel., P. 48, 341) Mt 13:32; Mk 4:31; 1 Cor 15:38 (MDahl, The Resurrection of the Body [ 1 Cor 15], ’62, 121–25). Sing., collective (POslo 32, 15 [1 A.D.] τὸ εἰς τ. γῆν σπέρμα) Mt 13:24, 27, 37f; 2 Cor 9:10 v.l. (Is 55:10). See Papias (1:3, Lat.).

ⓑ male seed or semen (Pind. et al.; ApcEsdr 5:12 p. 30, 7 Tdf.; Just., A I, 19, 1 al.; Ath. 21, 1; 22, 4), so perh. Hb 11:11 (s. καταβολή 2 and s. 2b below, also Cadbury [αἷμα 1a]) and J 7:42; Ro 1:3; 2 Ti 2:8; IEph 18:2; IRo 7:3 (s. also 2a below on these passages). Then, by metonymy

② the product of insemination, posterity, descendants

ⓐ descendants, children, posterity (in Pind. and Trag., but mostly of an individual descendant; Pla., Leg. 9, 853c ἄνθρωποί τε καὶ ἀνθρώπων σπέρμασιν νομοθετοῦμεν. The pl. also 4 Macc 18:1; Ps.-Phoc. 18; Jos., Ant. 8, 200) in our lit. (as well as Aeschyl.; Soph., Trach. 1147; Eur., Med. 669 and, above all, LXX; TestAbr A 8 p. 85, 21 [Stone 18, 21]; ApcEsdr 3:10 p. 27, 19 Tdf.; ApcMos 41; Just., A I, 32, 14 al.) collective τῷ Ἀβραὰμ καὶ τῷ σπέρματι αὐτοῦ Lk 1:55. See J 8:33, 37; Ac 7:5, 6 (Gen 15:13); 13:23; Ro 4:13; 11:1; 2 Cor 11:22; Hb 2:16; 11:18 (Gen 21:12); 1 Cl 10:4–6 (Gen 13:15f; 15:5); 16:11 (Is 53:10); 32:2 (cp. Gen 22:17); 56:14 (Job 5:25); B 3:3 (Is 58:7); Hv 2, 2, 2; Hs 9, 24. Of Salome σπ. εἰμὶ ʼ Αβραὰμ καὶ Ἰσαὰκ καὶ Ἰακώβ GJs 20:2.—ἀνιστάναι σπ. τινί raise up children for someone Mt 22:24 (s. ἀνίστημι 3 and Dt 25:5); GJs 1:3b. Also ἐξανιστάναι σπ. Mk 12:19; Lk 20:28 (s. ἐξανίστημι 2). ἔχειν σπ. Mt 22:25; ἀφιέναι σπ. Mk 12:20, 22; also καταλείπειν σπ. vs. 21. ποιεῖν σπ. (Is 37:31) GJs 1:2f. ὅπως εὐλογηθῇ τὸ σπ. σου so that your posterity may be blessed 15:4.—Hb 11:11 may belong here (s. καταβολή 1 and s. 1b above); ἐκ (τοῦ) σπέρματος Δαυίδ w. ref. to Jesus may be classed here (s. Ps 88:5 and s. 1b above) J 7:42; Ro 1:3; 2 Ti 2:8; IEph 18:2; IRo 7:3; AcPlCor 2:5.—In imagistic use of metonymy σπ. is also used w. ref. to Abraham’s spiritual descendants, i.e. those who have faith like his Ro 4:16, 18 (Gen 15:5); 9:8; cp. vs. 7ab (Gen 21:12); Gal 3:29.—It is contrary to normal OT usage (for, even if Gen 4:25; 1 Km 1:11 σπέρμα is used w. ref. to a single individual, he stands as the representative of all the descendants) when one person, i.e. the Messiah, is called σπέρμα and thus is exalted above the mass of Abraham’s descendants (s. MWilcox, JSNT 5, 79, 2–20 on Targumim and rabbinic sources for application to individuals). In Ac 3:25 the promise of Gen 22:18 is referred to him, and s. esp. Gal 3:16, 19 (EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 505–10).—In Rv 12:17 the Christians are called οἱ λοιποὶ τοῦ σπέρματος αὐτῆς the rest (in addition to the son just born to her) of her (the heavenly woman’s) children.

ⓑ of a few survivors, fr. whom a new generation will arise (cp. Wsd 14:6; 1 Esdr 8:85; Jos., Ant. 11, 144; 12, 303; also Pla., Tim. 23c; Phlegon: 257 Fgm. 36 II, 3, 8 vs. 21 Jac. [p. 1174] ὅ τί που καὶ σπέρμα λίποιτο) Ro 9:29 (Is 1:9). Then

③ genetic character, nature, disposition, character, of the divine σπέρμα (acc. to BWeiss = the word of God; acc. to EHaupt, Westcott, HHoltzmann, OBaumgarten, OHoltzmann, HHWendt, FHauck = the beginning or germ of a new life, planted in us by the Spirit of God; acc. to HWindisch and THaering, who are uncertain, = word or spirit; acc. to WWrede = the grace that makes us holy; RSV et al. ‘nature’) that dwells in one who is γεγεννημένος ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ (γεννάω 1b) and makes it ‘impossible for such a pers. to sin’ 1J 3:9 (JPainter, NTS 32, ’86, 48–71). The imagery suggests a person of exceptional merit, in Greco-Roman circles a model citizen, possesser of ἀρετή (q.v.; on the importance of ancestral virtue s. Pind., O. 7, 90–92; P. 10, 11–14; N. 3, 40–42; 6, 8–16; cp. Epict. 1, 13, 3: the slave has, just as you do, τὸν Δία πρόγονον, ὥσπερ υἱὸς ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν σπερμάτων γέγονεν; s. also Herm. Wr. 9, 3; 4a; 6 ἀπὸ τ. θεοῦ λαβὼν τὰ σπέρματα; Philo, Ebr. 30 τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ σπέρματα al.; Synes., Ep. 151 p. 289b τὸ σπ. τὸ θεῖον; Just. A I, 32, 8 τὸ παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ σπέρμα, ὁ λόγο.—Musonius p. 8, 1 ἀρετῆς σπ. Maximus Tyr. 10, 4g σπ. ψυχῆς.—Pind., P. 3, 15 σπέρμα θεοῦ καθαρόν refers to Asclepius, Apollo’s son by Coronis.).—B. 505. DELG s.v. σπείρω. M-M. EDNT. TW.

κυρία, ας, ἡ (fem. form of the subst. adj. κύριος [q.v. I]. Rare and late as a proper name: Preisigke, Namenbuch 188; HBeyer-HLietzmann, D. jüd. Katakombe der Villa Torlonia ’31, ins 41)

① a woman of special status, lady, mistress ἡ κ. τοῦ ἔργου the housekeeper prob. the one in charge of the household work assignments (cp. Tob. 2:12, w. ref. to ‘employers’) GJs 2:2. Used in addressing a definite person (Plut., Mor. 271d; Epict., Ench. 40; Cass. Dio 48, 44; POxy 112, 1; 3; 7; 744, 2=Ltzm., Griech. Papyri² 1910, 7; letter in Dssm., LO 160 [LAE² 193, n. 6]; κ. μου μήτηρ TestAbr A 3 p. 79, 25 [Stone p. 6].—LXX uses κ. to designate the mistress as opposed to the slave; so also JosAs; Philo, Congr. Erud. Gr. 154; Jos., Ant. 17, 137; 139; PTebt 413, 1; 6; 20) Hv 1, 1, 5; 1, 2, 2; 1, 3, 3; 1, 4, 2; 2, 1, 3; 3, 1, 3; 8; 3, 2, 4; 3, 3, 1; 4f; 3, 4, 1; 3; 3, 5, 3; 3, 6, 5f; 3, 8, 2; 5f; 4, 2, 2f; 4, 3, 1. Many take 2J 1; 5 in this lit. sense (e.g. BWestcott, The Epistles of St. John 1886, 214; HPoggel, D. 2. u. 3. Brief d. Apostels Joh. 1896, 127ff). For the less formal sense dear found in pap s. M-M. s.v.—Other scholars consider it more probable that

② κ. is fig. here and refers to Christians as a group: congregation (s. ἀδελφή 2b), and ἐκλεκτὴ κυρία is usually translated the chosen (or elect) lady (so BWeiss et al.; s. BBresky, Das Verhältnis des zweiten Johannesbriefs zum dritten 1906, 2ff; FDölger, Ac V/3, ’36, 211–17, Domina mater ecclesia u. d. ‘Herrin’ im 2 J; ABrooke, ICC; RBultmann, Hermeneia comm. On the precarious nature of ref. to Lex. Cantabr. [p. 79f, w. note p. 119f, Houtsma; also Demetr. of Phaleron: 228 Fgm. 4 p. 961] s. H-JKlauck, ZNW 81, ’90, 135–42). For the imagery of God’s people as a woman s. Jer 4:31; 38:21; Zeph 3:14; Gal 4:25f; 1 Pt 5:13. The proposal (HGibbins, Exp. 6th ser., 6, 1902, 228f) to make ἐκλεκτή a proper noun and κυρία an adj. has little to recommend it.—DELG s.v. κύριος. M-M. TW.

γαστήρ, ἡ, gen. έρος, γαστρός: dat. -έρι, γαστρί (the longer forms in [dialect] Ep., Lyr., and once in Trag., E.Cyc. 220): dat. pl.

A

γαστῆρσι Hp. Morb.4.54

,

γαστράσι D.C.54.22

:—paunch, belly, Il.13.372, etc.; γ. ἀσπίδος the hollow of a shield, Tyrt.11.24; belly or wide part of a bottle, Cratin.190.

2 the belly, as craving food,

κέλεται δέ ἑ γ. Od.6.133

;

βόσκειν ἣν γαστέρ' 17.228

; γαστέρι δ' οὔ πως ἔστι νέκυν πενθῆσαι, i. e. by fasting, Il.19.225;

ἐν γαστρὸς ἀνάγκαις A.Ag. 726

(lyr.); to express gluttony,

γαστέρες οἶον Hes.Th.26

;

γ. ἀργαί Epimenid.1

;

ἐγκράτεια γαστρὸς καὶ ποτοῦ X.Cyr.1.2.8

, cf. Oec.9.11; γαστρὸς ἐγκρατής master of his belly, Id.Mem.1.2.1; opp. γαστρὸς ἥττων, ib.1.5.1; γαστρὶ δουλεύειν, χαρίζεσθαι, to be the slave of his belly, ib. 1.6.8, 2.1.2; γ. δελεάζεσθαι ib. 2.1.4;

τῇ γ. μετρεῖν τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν D.18.296

; τᾶς γαστρὸς φείδεσθαι, com. of one who has nothing to eat, Theoc. 21.41.

3 paunch stuffed with mincemeat, sausage, haggis, Od.18.44, 118, 20.25, Ar.Nu. 409.

II womb,

ὅντινα γαστέρι μήτηρ.. φέροι Il.6.58

; ἐκ γαττρός from the womb, from infancy, Thgn.305; ἐν γαστρὶ ἔχουσα big with child, Hdt.3.32;

ὗν ἔχουσαν ἐν γ. PFlor.130.3

(iii A. D.);

ἐν γ. φέρουσα Pl.Lg. 792e

; ἐν γ. λαβεῖν conceive, Arist.HA 632a28, AP11.18 (Nicarch.), LXX Ge.30.41, al.; συλλαμβάνειν v.l. ib. Ge.25.21, cf. Ev.Luc.1.31;

ἐς γ. βάλλεσθαι Hdt.3.28

; κατὰ γαστρὸς ἔχειν Vett. Val. 193.33;

φέρειν Gp. 16.1.3

; also

γυνὴ ἑπτὰ ἤδη γαστέρας δυστοκοῦσα Philostr.VA3.39

. (Perh.for γραστήρ, cf. γράω.)

ἀρχιτρίκλινος, ου, ὁ (τρίκλινος a banquet room ‘with three couches’) (the slave who was responsible for managing a banquet: in Lat architriclinus, tricliniarcha; Heliod. 7, 27, 7 ἀρχιτρίκλινοι καὶ οἰνοχόοι) head waiter, butler J 2:8f. For the view that the context suggests equivalence of ἀ. with συμποσίαρχος toastmaster, master of the feast (cp. ἡγούμενος Sir 32:1f) s. comm.—DELG s.v. κλίνω (on τρίκλινος).

δουλ-εία, ἡ, [dialect] Ion. [suff] δουλ-ηΐη Anacr.114, Hdt.6.12: also [full] δουλία Pi.P.1.75:—

A slavery, bondage, ll. cc., A.Th. 253; δουλείας γάγγαμον, ζυγά, Id.Ag. 360(anap.), S.Aj. 944(lyr.);

δ. καὶ ὑπηρεσία Ar.V. 602

; ἡ τῶν κρεισσόνων δ. imposed by them, Th.1.8;

ἡ ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων δ. Pl.R. 469c

; applied to the condition of the subject allies of Athens, Th.5.9.

II collectively, slaves,

δουλεύοντα δουλείαις ἐμαῖς E.Ba. 803

; ἢν.. ἡ δ. ἐπανιστῆται if the slave-class rise in rebellion, Th.5.23;

ἡ Ἡρακλεωτῶν δ. Pl.Lg. 776d

;

τὰς.. Εἱλωτείας καὶ Πενεστείας καὶ δουλείας Arist. Pol. 1264a36

.

III service for hire,

μισθὸν δουλείας LXX 3 Ki.5.6

.

στλεγγῐδο-λήκῠθος, ὁ,

A the slave who carried his master's στλεγγίς and λήκυθος to the bath, Poll.3.154 (who censures the word).

ὅρκ-ιος, ον, rarely α, ον E.Med. 208 (lyr.):—

A belonging to an oath, i.e.

1 sworn, bound by oath, δικαστὰς ὁ. αἱρουμένη (so Casaub.) A.Eu. 483 ; ὅ. λέγω I speak on oath, S. Ant. 305, cf. OC 1637: [comp] Comp., ὁρκιωτέραν δ' ἤμην τὰν δώλαν the slave's oath shall carry the greater weight, Leg.Gort.2.15.

2 that which is sworn by, ὅ. θεοί the gods invoked at an oath, who watch over its fulfilment and punish its violation, E.Ph. 481, cf. IT 747 : in Prose,

θεοὶ οἱ ὅ. Th.1.71

,78 ;

οἱ ὅ. θ. Aeschin.1.114

; esp.

Ζεὺς ὅ. S.Ph. 1324

, E. Hipp. 1025, Arist.Mir. 845b33, Paus.5.24.9sq., etc.;

ὁρκία Θέμις E. Med.

l.c. ;

φθιμένων σέβας ὅ. AP7.351

(Diosc.); ξίφος ὅ. a sword sworn by, E.Ph. 1677.